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These were produced by the Met Office's Nimrod system. Nimrod is a fully automated system for weather analysis and nowcasting based around a network of C-band rainfall radars. This dataset has the fine-resolution analyses of rain rate for the UK and Europe.

The UK has a network of C-band rainfall radars and data form these are processed by the Met Office NIMROD system. Four or five radar scans at different elevations at each site are processed to give the best possible estimate of rainfall at the ground. The main quality checking method is routine evaluation using rain gauges as ground truth.

The BADC holds the analyses of rainfall rate at a time resolution of 5 or 15 minutes. Data are available from late 2002. Images are available for the UK as well as a further image including neighbouring European countries from 1999. Data files are available on a 1 km and 5 km Cartesian grid. Single radar site data are available for 2 and 5 km Cartesian grids for various UK radar sites.

The value of radar-based data from the Nimrod system has been highlighted repeatedly. For example, in two severe flooding events during 1998 (at Easter over the Midlands and in late October over Wales), estimates of surface rainfall derived from radar data provided evidence of the extent and severity of the rainfall events. The 2 km data files reach to 100 km from the radar, the 5km files to 250 km.

Detailed radar site location are given in the Met Office Weather Radar Factsheet.

Time resolution is 5 or 15 minutes depending on the product.

Various scripts have been made available under the software directory to aid use of these data, including within GIS applications.</gco:CharacterString>
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            <gmd:MD_RestrictionCode codeList="http://standards.iso.org/ittf/PubliclyAvailableStandards/ISO_19139_Schemas/resources/codelist/gmxCodelists.xml#MD_RestrictionCode" codeListValue="otherRestrictions">otherRestrictions</gmd:MD_RestrictionCode>
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          <gmd:otherConstraints>
            <gmx:Anchor xlink:href="https://inspire.ec.europa.eu/metadata-codelist/LimitationsOnPublicAccess/INSPIRE_Directive_Article13_1e">Please contact the data centre for assistance on accessing data from this dataset collection.</gmx:Anchor>
          </gmd:otherConstraints>
        </gmd:MD_LegalConstraints>
      </gmd:resourceConstraints>
      <gmd:resourceConstraints>
        <gmd:MD_LegalConstraints>
          <gmd:useConstraints>
            <gmd:MD_RestrictionCode codeList="http://standards.iso.org/ittf/PubliclyAvailableStandards/ISO_19139_Schemas/resources/codelist/gmxCodelists.xml#MD_RestrictionCode" codeListValue="otherRestrictions">otherRestrictions</gmd:MD_RestrictionCode>
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          <gmd:otherConstraints>
            <gmx:Anchor xlink:title="Licence file link." xlink:href="http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/doc/open-government-licence/version/3/">Under the following licence http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/doc/open-government-licence/version/3/, appropriate use of these data may fall under any use. This message is intended as guidance, always read the full licence. When using these data you must cite them correctly using the citation given on the CEDA Data Catalogue record.</gmx:Anchor>
          </gmd:otherConstraints>
          <gmd:otherConstraints>
            <gmx:Anchor xlink:title="Licence file link." xlink:href="https://artefacts.ceda.ac.uk/licences/specific_licences/ukmo_agreement.pdf">Under the following licence https://artefacts.ceda.ac.uk/licences/specific_licences/ukmo_agreement.pdf, appropriate use of these data may fall under academic use. This message is intended as guidance, always read the full licence. When using these data you must cite them correctly using the citation given on the CEDA Data Catalogue record.</gmx:Anchor>
          </gmd:otherConstraints>
          <gmd:otherConstraints>
            <gmx:Anchor xlink:title="Licence file link." xlink:href="https://artefacts.ceda.ac.uk/licences/specific_licences/ukmo_agreement_gov.pdf">Under the following licence https://artefacts.ceda.ac.uk/licences/specific_licences/ukmo_agreement_gov.pdf, appropriate use of these data may fall under policy use. This message is intended as guidance, always read the full licence. When using these data you must cite them correctly using the citation given on the CEDA Data Catalogue record.</gmx:Anchor>
          </gmd:otherConstraints>
        </gmd:MD_LegalConstraints>
      </gmd:resourceConstraints>
      <gmd:spatialRepresentationType>
        <gmd:MD_SpatialRepresentationTypeCode codeList="http://standards.iso.org/ittf/PubliclyAvailableStandards/ISO_19139_Schemas/resources/codelist/gmxCodelists.xml#MD_SpatialRepresentationTypeCode" codeListValue="grid">grid</gmd:MD_SpatialRepresentationTypeCode>
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      <gmd:spatialResolution>
        <gmd:MD_Resolution>
          <gmd:distance gco:nilReason="inapplicable" />
        </gmd:MD_Resolution>
      </gmd:spatialResolution>
      <gmd:language>
        <gmd:LanguageCode codeList="http://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/code_list.php" codeListValue="eng">English</gmd:LanguageCode>
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      <gmd:topicCategory>
        <gmd:MD_TopicCategoryCode>climatologyMeteorologyAtmosphere</gmd:MD_TopicCategoryCode>
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      <gmd:extent>
        <gmd:EX_Extent>
          <gmd:geographicElement>
            <gmd:EX_GeographicBoundingBox>
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              </gmd:westBoundLongitude>
              <gmd:eastBoundLongitude>
                <gco:Decimal>36.367062</gco:Decimal>
              </gmd:eastBoundLongitude>
              <gmd:southBoundLatitude>
                <gco:Decimal>33.036079</gco:Decimal>
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                <gco:Decimal>62.700001</gco:Decimal>
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      <gmd:extent>
        <gmd:EX_Extent>
          <gmd:temporalElement>
            <gmd:EX_TemporalExtent>
              <gmd:extent>
                <gml:TimePeriod gml:id="CEDA01">
                  <gml:beginPosition>1999-06-07T00:00:00</gml:beginPosition>
                  <gml:endPosition indeterminatePosition="unknown" />
                </gml:TimePeriod>
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    <gmd:MD_Distribution>
      <gmd:distributionFormat>
        <gmd:MD_Format>
          <gmd:name>
            <gco:CharacterString>Contact data centre for format details.</gco:CharacterString>
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          <gmd:version gco:nilReason="unknown" />
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      </gmd:distributionFormat>
      <gmd:distributor>
        <gmd:MD_Distributor>
          <gmd:distributorContact>
            <gmd:CI_ResponsibleParty>
              <gmd:organisationName>
                <gco:CharacterString>Centre for Environmental Data Analysis (CEDA)</gco:CharacterString>
              </gmd:organisationName>
              <gmd:positionName>
                <gco:CharacterString>Data Center Contact</gco:CharacterString>
              </gmd:positionName>
              <gmd:contactInfo>
                <gmd:CI_Contact>
                  <gmd:phone>
                    <gmd:CI_Telephone>
                      <gmd:voice>
                        <gco:CharacterString>01235446432</gco:CharacterString>
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                    </gmd:CI_Telephone>
                  </gmd:phone>
                  <gmd:address>
                    <gmd:CI_Address>
                      <gmd:deliveryPoint>
                        <gco:CharacterString>Rutherford Appleton Laboratory</gco:CharacterString>
                      </gmd:deliveryPoint>
                      <gmd:deliveryPoint>
                        <gco:CharacterString>Harwell</gco:CharacterString>
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                      <gmd:city>
                        <gco:CharacterString>Oxon</gco:CharacterString>
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                        <gco:CharacterString>OX11 0QX</gco:CharacterString>
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                      <gmd:country>
                        <gco:CharacterString>United Kingdom</gco:CharacterString>
                      </gmd:country>
                      <gmd:electronicMailAddress>
                        <gco:CharacterString>support@ceda.ac.uk</gco:CharacterString>
                      </gmd:electronicMailAddress>
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                <gmd:CI_RoleCode codeList="http://standards.iso.org/ittf/PubliclyAvailableStandards/ISO_19139_Schemas/resources/codelist/gmxCodelists.xml#CI_RoleCode" codeListValue="distributor">distributor</gmd:CI_RoleCode>
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      <gmd:transferOptions>
        <gmd:MD_DigitalTransferOptions>
          <gmd:onLine>
            <gmd:CI_OnlineResource>
              <gmd:linkage>
                <gmd:URL>https://catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/uuid/82adec1f896af6169112d09cc1174499</gmd:URL>
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              <gmd:name>
                <gco:CharacterString>CEDA Data Catalogue Page</gco:CharacterString>
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              <gmd:description>
                <gco:CharacterString>Detail and access information for the resource</gco:CharacterString>
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              <gmd:function>
                <gmd:CI_OnLineFunctionCode codeList="http://standards.iso.org/ittf/PubliclyAvailableStandards/ISO_19139_Schemas/resources/codelist/gmxCodelists.xml#CI_OnLineFunctionCode" codeListValue="information">information</gmd:CI_OnLineFunctionCode>
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      </gmd:transferOptions>
      <gmd:transferOptions>
        <gmd:MD_DigitalTransferOptions>
          <gmd:onLine>
            <gmd:CI_OnlineResource>
              <gmd:linkage>
                <gmd:URL>http://data.ceda.ac.uk/badc/ukmo-nimrod/doc</gmd:URL>
              </gmd:linkage>
              <gmd:name>
                <gco:CharacterString>NIMROD Document directory</gco:CharacterString>
              </gmd:name>
              <gmd:description>
                <gco:CharacterString>No further details.</gco:CharacterString>
              </gmd:description>
              <gmd:function>
                <gmd:CI_OnLineFunctionCode codeList="http://standards.iso.org/ittf/PubliclyAvailableStandards/ISO_19139_Schemas/resources/Codelist/gmxCodelists.xml#CI_OnLineFunctionCode" codeListValue="information">information</gmd:CI_OnLineFunctionCode>
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      </gmd:transferOptions>
      <gmd:transferOptions>
        <gmd:MD_DigitalTransferOptions>
          <gmd:onLine>
            <gmd:CI_OnlineResource>
              <gmd:linkage>
                <gmd:URL>https://artefacts.ceda.ac.uk/badc_datadocs/nimrod/factsheet15.pdf</gmd:URL>
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              <gmd:name>
                <gco:CharacterString>Met Office Weather Radar Fact Sheet</gco:CharacterString>
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              <gmd:description>
                <gco:CharacterString>No further details.</gco:CharacterString>
              </gmd:description>
              <gmd:function>
                <gmd:CI_OnLineFunctionCode codeList="http://standards.iso.org/ittf/PubliclyAvailableStandards/ISO_19139_Schemas/resources/Codelist/gmxCodelists.xml#CI_OnLineFunctionCode" codeListValue="information">information</gmd:CI_OnLineFunctionCode>
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      </gmd:transferOptions>
      <gmd:transferOptions>
        <gmd:MD_DigitalTransferOptions>
          <gmd:onLine>
            <gmd:CI_OnlineResource>
              <gmd:linkage>
                <gmd:URL>https://artefacts.ceda.ac.uk/badc_datadocs/nimrod/calendar.html</gmd:URL>
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              <gmd:name>
                <gco:CharacterString>BADC Doc: NIMROD data availability</gco:CharacterString>
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                <gco:CharacterString>No further details.</gco:CharacterString>
              </gmd:description>
              <gmd:function>
                <gmd:CI_OnLineFunctionCode codeList="http://standards.iso.org/ittf/PubliclyAvailableStandards/ISO_19139_Schemas/resources/Codelist/gmxCodelists.xml#CI_OnLineFunctionCode" codeListValue="information">information</gmd:CI_OnLineFunctionCode>
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      <gmd:transferOptions>
        <gmd:MD_DigitalTransferOptions>
          <gmd:onLine>
            <gmd:CI_OnlineResource>
              <gmd:linkage>
                <gmd:URL>http://data.ceda.ac.uk/badc/ukmo-nimrod/doc/Polar_File_Format.doc</gmd:URL>
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              <gmd:name>
                <gco:CharacterString>NIMROD Polar format documentation</gco:CharacterString>
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              <gmd:description>
                <gco:CharacterString>No further details.</gco:CharacterString>
              </gmd:description>
              <gmd:function>
                <gmd:CI_OnLineFunctionCode codeList="http://standards.iso.org/ittf/PubliclyAvailableStandards/ISO_19139_Schemas/resources/Codelist/gmxCodelists.xml#CI_OnLineFunctionCode" codeListValue="information">information</gmd:CI_OnLineFunctionCode>
              </gmd:function>
            </gmd:CI_OnlineResource>
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        </gmd:MD_DigitalTransferOptions>
      </gmd:transferOptions>
      <gmd:transferOptions>
        <gmd:MD_DigitalTransferOptions>
          <gmd:onLine>
            <gmd:CI_OnlineResource>
              <gmd:linkage>
                <gmd:URL>http://data.ceda.ac.uk/badc/ukmo-nimrod/doc/nimrod_radar_processing.pdf</gmd:URL>
              </gmd:linkage>
              <gmd:name>
                <gco:CharacterString>Improving precipitation estimates from weather radar using quality control and correction techniques. D L Harrison, S J Driscoll &amp; M Kitchen.</gco:CharacterString>
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              <gmd:description>
                <gco:CharacterString>No further details.</gco:CharacterString>
              </gmd:description>
              <gmd:function>
                <gmd:CI_OnLineFunctionCode codeList="http://standards.iso.org/ittf/PubliclyAvailableStandards/ISO_19139_Schemas/resources/Codelist/gmxCodelists.xml#CI_OnLineFunctionCode" codeListValue="information">information</gmd:CI_OnLineFunctionCode>
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      <gmd:transferOptions>
        <gmd:MD_DigitalTransferOptions>
          <gmd:onLine>
            <gmd:CI_OnlineResource>
              <gmd:linkage>
                <gmd:URL>http://data.ceda.ac.uk/badc/ukmo-nimrod/software</gmd:URL>
              </gmd:linkage>
              <gmd:name>
                <gco:CharacterString>NIMROD software directory</gco:CharacterString>
              </gmd:name>
              <gmd:description>
                <gco:CharacterString>No further details.</gco:CharacterString>
              </gmd:description>
              <gmd:function>
                <gmd:CI_OnLineFunctionCode codeList="http://standards.iso.org/ittf/PubliclyAvailableStandards/ISO_19139_Schemas/resources/Codelist/gmxCodelists.xml#CI_OnLineFunctionCode" codeListValue="information">information</gmd:CI_OnLineFunctionCode>
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        </gmd:MD_DigitalTransferOptions>
      </gmd:transferOptions>
      <gmd:transferOptions>
        <gmd:MD_DigitalTransferOptions>
          <gmd:onLine>
            <gmd:CI_OnlineResource>
              <gmd:linkage>
                <gmd:URL>https://zenodo.org/record/7356941</gmd:URL>
              </gmd:linkage>
              <gmd:name>
                <gco:CharacterString>Dual Polar file format  header description</gco:CharacterString>
              </gmd:name>
              <gmd:description>
                <gco:CharacterString>No further details.</gco:CharacterString>
              </gmd:description>
              <gmd:function>
                <gmd:CI_OnLineFunctionCode codeList="http://standards.iso.org/ittf/PubliclyAvailableStandards/ISO_19139_Schemas/resources/Codelist/gmxCodelists.xml#CI_OnLineFunctionCode" codeListValue="information">information</gmd:CI_OnLineFunctionCode>
              </gmd:function>
            </gmd:CI_OnlineResource>
          </gmd:onLine>
        </gmd:MD_DigitalTransferOptions>
      </gmd:transferOptions>
    </gmd:MD_Distribution>
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  <gmd:dataQualityInfo>
    <gmd:DQ_DataQuality>
      <gmd:scope>
        <gmd:DQ_Scope>
          <gmd:level>
            <gmd:MD_ScopeCode codeList="http://standards.iso.org/ittf/PubliclyAvailableStandards/ISO_19139_Schemas/resources/codelist/gmxCodelists.xml#MD_ScopeCode" codeListValue="series">series</gmd:MD_ScopeCode>
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      <gmd:report>
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          <gmd:result>
            <gmd:DQ_ConformanceResult>
              <gmd:specification>
                <gmd:CI_Citation>
                  <gmd:title>
                    <gco:CharacterString>Commission Regulation (EU) No 1089/2010 of 23 November 2010 implementing Directive 2007/2/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council as regards interoperability of spatial data sets and services</gco:CharacterString>
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                  <gmd:date>
                    <gmd:CI_Date>
                      <gmd:date>
                        <gco:Date>2010-12-08</gco:Date>
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                        <gmd:CI_DateTypeCode codeList="http://standards.iso.org/ittf/PubliclyAvailableStandards/ISO_19139_Schemas/resources/codelist/gmxCodelists.xml#CI_DateTypeCode" codeListValue="publication" />
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                    </gmd:CI_Date>
                  </gmd:date>
                </gmd:CI_Citation>
              </gmd:specification>
              <gmd:explanation gco:nilReason="inapplicable" />
              <gmd:pass gco:nilReason="unknown" />
            </gmd:DQ_ConformanceResult>
          </gmd:result>
        </gmd:DQ_DomainConsistency>
      </gmd:report>
      <gmd:lineage>
        <gmd:LI_Lineage>
          <gmd:statement>
            <gco:CharacterString>Please see data lineage statements for each dataset within this collection for data lineage details.</gco:CharacterString>
          </gmd:statement>
        </gmd:LI_Lineage>
      </gmd:lineage>
    </gmd:DQ_DataQuality>
  </gmd:dataQualityInfo>
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